hormone questions

What is a hormone?
Chemicals that are produced in one part of the body and used in another

What system is responsible for the production of hormones?
The Endocrine System

Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.

Where does the embryo undergo most of its development?
Uterus

What is another name for the fallopian tube?
oviduct

Where does fertilization take place?
oviduct, (or fallopian tubes)

What is ovulation?
Changes that occur to the ovaries during the menstrual cycle

What is the follicle converted to?
A Corpus Luteum

What happens during the flow phase?
Hormone production stops. Uterus lining sloughs off.

What happens during the follicular phase?
Follicle gets bigger and produces a hormone which makes uterus lining thicker.

What happens during the luteal phase?
Follicle is converted into a corpus luteum. this makes the uterus thicken more.

What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase?
It sloughs

What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle?
LH, FSH, Progestrerone, Estrogen

As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is?
Developing

When the follicle ruptures it releases what?
Ova

What is considered the hormone of pregnancy?
Progesterone

What is the rhythm method?
Birth control in which you utry to anticipate the days of the ovulation

What do you call a couple using the rhythm method?
parents...

bad joke.

What is menopause? What causes it?
The cessation of menstruation, The cessation of Lh.

When does fertilization occur?
When the sperm and the ova combine in the oviducts

When is a zygote formed?
When the sperm and the ova combine.

What is a placenta?
IT transfers material between the embyro and uterus

Pages 938 and 939
Critical Thinking Questions: 4, 7

What effect would it have on a woman's menstrual cycles if a single ovary were removed surgically? What effect would it have if both ovaries were removed.
I think that it would cause early menopause becuase of the lack of hormones. I think it would cause much confusion?

What types of contraceptives provide the greatest protection against sexually transmitted diseases? Condoms.

Review Exercises: 1, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20, 29, 33, 38, 40, 49, 54, 58, 61, 62, 63

List the general functions of the male reproductive system.
THey are specialized to produce and maintain sperm, they also transport these cells to the female reproductive tract.|

Outtline the process of meiosis.
Prophase I ----> Metaphase I -----> Anaphase I -----> Telophase I.

List two ways that meiosis provides genetic variability.
Any one of a persons more than 8 million possible combinations of 23 chromosomes can combine with any of one of the more than 6 million combinations of his or her mate. Crossing over is another way to create genetic variability

Describe a sperm cell. a tiny, tadpole-shaped structure.

Describe the epididymis, and explain its function.
A tightly coiled threadlike tube about 6 meters long. Sperm mature in the epididymis.

Explain the mechanism that produces an erection of the penis.
Parasymathetic nerve impulses release vasodilator nitric oxide, which causes the arteries leading into the penis to dilate, increasing blood flow into erectile tissues.

List the general functions of the female reproductive system.
Are specialized to produce and maintain egg cells, also to transport these cells to the site of fertilization, and to provide a favorable enviroment for a develeloping offspring. Also to move the offspring outside, and produce female sex hormones.

Describe the structure of an ovary.
Solid ovoid structures measuring about 3.5 centimeters in length.

Define ovulation.
As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. This is called ovulation.

Describe the structure of the uterus.
A hollow, muscular organ, shaped like an inverted pear.

Define menstrual cycle.
Regular 28 days of bleeding Describe the process of fertilization.
WHen a sperm reaches a seondary oocyte it invades the follicular cells that adhere to the oocytes surface. An enzyme is released that helps the sperm penetrate the zona pellucida.

Discuss the events that occur during the birth process.
Muscular contractions force the fetus through the birth canal. Rhythmic contractions that begin at the top of the uterus and travel down its length force the contents of the uterus towards the cervix. THe head stretches the cervix, upon pushing against the cervix reflex stimulates stronger labor contractions. The placenta comes out after the birth.

Define contraception. A way to prevent pregnancy.
List several methods of contraception, and explain how each prevents pregnancy.
Condoms - keeps sperm from hitting a egg
Birth control pill- Preventspregnancy
Withdrawal - Removal of penis before ejaculation.

list seven transmitted diseases
1. aids
syphillis
herpes
warts

reproductive graphic organizer

reproductive definitions

corpus luteum: A small yellow structure developing within the ruptured ovarian follicle after the egg has been released.

epididymis: a coiled tube attached to the back of each testis where sperm mature

gonad: an organ that produces gametes (ova and sperm

meiosis: cell division by which eggs and sperm are produced.

oocyte: Unfertilized egg cell

ovary: female gonad which manufactures estrogens and eggs

placenta: A structure attached to the wall of the uterus to nourish the fetus during pregnancy

scrotum: The sac of skin that surrounds the testicles.

seminiferous tubule: any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature

testis: a male's testes are located in a pouch that hangs suspended outside his body. The testes produce testosterone and sperm

vulva : The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips and the opening to the vagina.

blastocyst : The preimplantation embryo of mammals consisting of a sphere of cells with an outer cell layer that forms the placenta and a cluster of cells on the interior called the inner cell mass that forms the embryo.

embryo: In humans, the developing individual from the time of implantation to about the end of the second month after conception

fetus: An animal in the later stage of development before birth. In humans, the fetal stage is the from the end of the third month until birth

implantation: The embedding of the fertilized egg in the endometrium of the uterus.

lactation: Secretion or formation of milk by the mammary glands.

umbilical cord : the cord that connects the fetus to the maternal placenta, providing nutrients and removing wastes

yolk sac: where the embryo develops

zygote: A cell formed by the union of two gametes

ultrasound: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes.

reproductive questions

What is the purpose of the reproductive system?
production of offspring

What is the function of the ovaries?
produce ova and female hormones

What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus?
The fallopian tubes

What is the name of the lining of the uterus?
endometrium

Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located.
Fundus, top, Body, middle, and cervix, bottom.

What is the female organ of copulation?
The vagina

Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.

What is the male organ of copulation?
the penis
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male?
transport urine and semen

What are the two functions of the testes?
Produce and secrete an endocrine substance

What is the name of the structure where the testes are located?
scrotum

Why are the testes located outside the body?
Body heat would kill the sperm

Where do sperm mature?
epididymis

What is the vas deferens?
tube that connects epididymis and ejaculatory duct.

What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation?
seminal vesicles

What are the functions of the prostate gland?
Keeps sperm mobile and protects from harmful acid in the urethra and vagina.

What is semen?
made up of sperm cells

Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct. You guys will need to do this in paint. Sorry, but I am not there to get the drawings by hand

nutrition

Most of the people I have interviewed feel that nutrition is the act of process of being nourished. A nutritious life consists of eating right and exercising daily not eating a certain way for a short amount of time and then going back to your normal habits because if you do that you are not living a healthy life. What makes a nutritious meal consists of a healthy diet eating more vegetables and less meats no sugary food or soda’s the reason for eating less meats and sugary foods are because eating meats is fattening and it takes more time for your body to digest food then vegetables and when you eat a lot of vegetables you have a longer chance of living because it’s healthy. My example: of a nutritious meal would be a piece of baked chicken, green beans and a piece of cornbread and a glass of water or milk. Yes there is more to a nutritious life than just eating right and exercising you also have to live a healthy daily life for ex: not smoking or drinking everyday maybe occasionally but not everyday because that can lead to many problems down the line. I think some important vitamins that the body needs is vitamin c and d. And also calcium. A mineral that the body needs is water.

urinary system

What are the three functions of the kidneys?
Answer: filters all matter from the blood not just waste products, selectively reabsorbs all substances that the body can make use of. Eliminates waste products in blood in the form of urine.

What is the outer layer of the kidney?
Answer: peri-renal

What is the outer layer of the kidney?
Answer: cortex

What is the urine collection system of the kidney?
Answer: medulla

What is the dilated end of the ureters called?
Answer: pelvis

What is the function of the bladder?
Answer: store urine

What transports urine in males? Females?
Answer: urethra, females- transports urine from the bladder tot he outside of the body.

Digestive Questions

1. What is digestive tract?
Answer: a long continuos tube with food first entering it at the mouth.

What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
Answer: continues along the tube until it exits at the anus.

What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process?
Answer: food enters through the mouth

What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus?
Answer: bolus

What triggers peristalsis
Answer: the presence of the bolus in the esophagus triggers peristalsis.

What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
Answer: closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from reentering the esophagus

What is the mucous membrane?
Answer: digestive tract

How long is the small intestine
Answer: 20 feet long

Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place?
Answer: small intestine

What increase the surface area of the small intestine?
Answer: villi

What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?
Answer: duodenum, the duodenum is very sensitive area of the digestive tract. Its receptors can detect the presence of hypo and hypertonic solutions.

Where is vile stored
Answer: gallbladder

What is segmentation?
Grabbing a tube tightly at various places around the middle and squeezing so that its contents are broken into smaller pieces.

When does the ileocecal sphincter open?
Answer: when the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up, the sphincter opens to let it through.

What is the function of the anal sphincter?
Answer: stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.

What is the function of the appendix in humans?
Answer: serves no apparent function in man and which sometimes becomes infected and must be removed.

Where does digestion begin?
Answer: in the mouth

What is gastric juice made of?
Answer: hydrochloric acid, and enzymes

Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced?
Answer: Pancreas

What is the function of the following enzymes, anaylase, lactose, maltase, etc
Answer: they break apart lactose, maltose and sucrose respectively

There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream.
Answer: diffuse across the intestinal membrane and into the blood simply by flowing along the concentration gradient.

Staph infection

A staph infection is caused by bacteria and can be easily given to someone. Most people who are sick in the hospital and their immune system is weak are most likely to get a staph infection. Nurses who work in the hospital could give a staph infection and who don’t carefully wash their hands after dealing with a staph infected person. A common name for this infection is called the “superbug” reason for this naming is because it kills a lot of people very fast. Blacks and people living in a crowed housing project may be at risk of getting the virus because of nasty bacteria floating around. A way to stop the infection in local hospitals would to have employees and patients to closely wash their hands after using the bathroom. Another way would be to test all hospitals for the staph bug. Staph infection has been around for decades but now is starting to erupt. 1.7 million people are hospitalized each year for a staph infection and 100,000 of them will die because of the lack of proper treatment. As of 2005 no patients who were treated for a staph infection has died because of better technology.

My reaction to this article is that this virus in very serious and should be taking seriously. Many people who are infected with this virus should be given the proper treatment and precautions of this virus and should be told that they should carefully wash their hands so they won’t pass it on to another person I feel that the article is very important because more and more Americans are being infected with this virus each and every day and they don’t know the correct way. To cleanse themselves so they won’t infect other people. But the most important part of this article is that it is finally telling why so many people are being infected and one reason is that most doctors don’t properly wash their hands after they perform a task but when they are told that they need to wash their hands they say they don’t want to be told what to do. But now it is being said that hospitals are being tested for the staph infection and if it is tested positive they will be told the dos and don’ts of treating a staph infected person.

Flu Questions

How does the flu build a resistance to drug treatment?
Answer: the flu builds a resistance by constantly changing leaving the stronger version the stronger version is more resistant. The stronger versions, which are, resist common medication, and then it doubles and changes further, which increases the resistance even more. Also the flu that was not resistant changes as well. What they change into can also become resistant.


2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving?
Answer: Because the disease constantly changes so the medication doesn’t work anymore because it has gotten use to one type of virus and then when it constantly changes it is evolving because different types of medications are going to be used for the new virus’s. Everytime a new sickness comes along you will have to be prescribed a different drug because it is a different form of something that you have had once before and your body has became immune to the old drug so it won’t recognize the new one.













This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs “get rid” of the flu virus?
Answer: tamiflu interferes with the flu virus scientists and doctors think that tamiflu works in the human body by inhibiting an enzyme called neuraminidase. When the neuraminidase is blocked form working it is hard for the flu virus to release its babies into our bloodstream making it harder for the flu to be transported through the circulatory system. Relenza attack the flu virus and prevent it from spreading through your body, Relenza treats the flu by attacking the virus that causes the flu.


Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not?
Answer: No antibiotics cannot be prescribed for the flu because it is like a common cold and antibiotics can not be used to treat it but antiviral medications can help to get rid of it. The reason that antibiotics can not be used to treat the flu is because the immune system has to get rid of it by it’s self-the reason being is that the virus will have to run its length and antibiotics cannot fight against it but the immune system will.

Ask A Scientist Article

My response to the article I read is that it is very interesting because it is telling me things that I never knew it was talking about how most people catch a virus or a disease twice and the reason being is that it is a totally different disease and its not the same. Some people feel that they are getting the disease all over again but technically it’s not it’s a totally different disease with the same causes and symptoms. Your body remembers some of the viruses that you catch so it can make antibodies against it but it doesn’t occur with the flu. Once a year you are supposed to be injected with a flu vaccine to help stop the bacteria. Majority of the time your body is immune to the diseases so it can be stopped. It is related to the immune system because most viruses are through the immune system. This article is significant to me because whenever I become sick I feel that it is the same cold because the symptoms and complications are all the same. This article changes my outlook on a lot of things because it has taught me that when you feel that the cold is the same it is slightly different. I agree with this article because I think whoever wrote this article knew what they were talking about. I think this article effects everyone because everyone gets sick in their life.

My reaction to the story is that it is very informational to most people who has problems with the same sickness over and over again now they have reasoning and information to why they think they keep getting the same cold etc. I think that anyone who constantly gets sick should read this article because its some helpful and informational tips. I think that a brochure should be made and given out at doctor’s offices to people who come in with colds and different kind of viruses. I feel that this article is very important because it help people to realize what the common cold comes from.

questions 579-648

Describe a red blood cell
Answer: a disc- shaped cell, lacking a nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin.

Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell
Answer: in their early stages they have nuclei then they become less and less active when they become less active the spleen and the liver removes them.

List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin
Answer:

Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
Answer: not complete cells, they arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow called megakaryocytes.

Distinguish between low- density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein
Answer: low- density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol high density have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.

List the major leading to the formation of a blood clot.
Answer: first release of biochemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissue triggers extrinsic clothing mechanism the stimulates the intrinsic clotting mechansim.

Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient
Answer: because they lack both anti- A and anti- B antibodies they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.

Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor
Answer: it lacks antigens A and B this means it can be transfused into persons with any kind of blood.

647-648

Describe the pericardium
Answer: the pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached.

Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
Answer: four hollow chambers, two on the left, two on the right. The upper chambers are called the atria the lower are called the ventricles.

The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle it allows blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards the bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle it is located on the left.
Trace the path of the blood through the heart
Answer: enters through right atrium continues towards the right ventricle moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle .

Explain the origin of heart sounds: heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.

pg. 818

1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system
Answer: provides oxygen for the internal environment and excretes carbon dioxide.

3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
Amswer: the hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.

5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx
Answer: pharynx is the passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea the larynx is inferior to the pharynx.

list the successive branches of the bronchiol tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Answer: starts with the right and left primary bronchi later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental) next they turn into intralobular bronchioles the next branch is the terminal bronchioles after there are the respiratory bronchioles after there are the alveolar ducts then there are the alveolar sacs finally there are the alveoli.

define suffactant, and explain its function: surfuctant is a mixture of lipoproteins which is secreted into alveolar air spaces it helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.

compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing and explain the function of each:
Answer: coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. coughs force air upwards from the upper respiratory tracts.

explain the function of yawning.
Answer: yawning is used to help ventilate alveoli, it allows the blood to receive more oxygen.

Define hyperventilation and explain how it affect the respiratory center:
Answer: hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels

Describe how oxygen is transported in blood:
Answer:oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, it later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.

List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Answer: oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood ph decreases. Also increase in temperature, increase in carbon dioxide acidity.

basic respiratory

What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system?
Answer: nose and mouth

Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?
Answer: trachea and pharynx

In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does the lesson leave out?
Answer: esophagus

Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?
Answer: anterior

What structures moisten the air in the respiratory system?
Answer: mouth and nose

What is the name for the small sir sacs at the send of the bronchioles?
Answer: alveoli

Where does gas exchange takes place in the lungs?
Answer: capillaries

What is the main muscle of respiration?
Answer: diaphragm

What happens when we inhale and exhale?
Answer: diaphragm exhales and relaxes.

The heart

All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
Answer: closed circulatory system

How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
Answer: through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control and regulation of pH and of body temperature.

Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
Answer: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
Answer: arteries

What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
Answer: veins

What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
Answer: pericardium

What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
Answer: myocardium

What is the lining of the myocardium called?
Answer: endocardium

What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
Answer: atria, ventricles

What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
Answer: superior vena Cava, inferior vena Cava, and pulmonary veins

What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle
Answer: aorta, pulmonary

Sensory organizer

Stem cell research

Steve Stice is a university of Georgia stem cell researcher who uses neural cells to detect chemical agents. The cells that are being used now are mouse cells but they die off quickly they only last for 2 weeks but human cells last more that four months. The reason for this device is because it can be used in a war zone or help with homeland security. President Bush and other representatives did not agree with the research because they felt it crossed a moral line with them using aborted babies vs. naturally dead babies. So instead of them using aborted babies they would use babies that were already dead.

My reaction to this article is I agree but I also disagree I agree without them trying to save lives in the time of need for example if someone was hurt in war and was possibly about to die then I would want them to try and save their lives with whatever is needed but I disagree with them using aborted babies because they are not naturally dead they are killed by their parents but I feel that it would be alright to use naturally dead babies to save someone else’s life.

Basic Eye worksheet

The eye is part of which nervous system?
Answer: Central

What types of tissues give the eye protection?
Answer: fatty and connective tissue

What structure in the eye produces tears?
Answer: Lacrimal glands

What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?
Answer: conjunctiva

What is the cornea?
Answer: covering of the eye

What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?
Answer: back of the eye

What is the function of the rods? The cones?
Answer: Rod- Night black and white vision and cones – color vision

What is the colored part of the eye?
Answer: Iris

What structure allows light to enter the eye?
Answer: pupil

basic ear worksheet

Pinna- directs sound waves into the auditory canal.
Tympanic membrane- makes sound louder
Ossicles- magnify sound vibrations
Cochlea- cause movement within the fluid of the cochlea
Semicircular canals- deals with balance

What three bones make up the ossicles? - Malleus, incus, stapes.

What is the function of hairs in the ear? - The hairs in turn stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.

Ear

Basic Nervous System Worksheet

What does CNS and PNS stand for?
Answer: Central Nervous System- consists of the brain and spinal cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior. All body activities are controlled except chemical functions.

Peripheral Nervous System- Lies outside the brain and spinal cord and serves as a connection of message system between the various organs and muscles of the body and the CNS.

What are the parts of the CNS?
Answer: Brain and Spinal Cord

Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
Answer: urinating

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Answer: Sympathetic – controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear, emergency.
Parasympathetic- brings the body back to a normal state and allows rest and relaxation to occur.

What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
Answer: Axons- Sends information
Dendrite- Receives information
Cell body- contains nucleus.

What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
Answer: Sends information, Dendrite- Receives information

What is a synapse?
Answer: Region between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another.
Neurotransmitters transmit nerve impulses across synapse.

Skeletal Organizer

Skeletal muscle worksheet

1. What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle?
40% striated, 5% to 10% smooth

2. Name three types of muscle proteins what is the function of each?
Answer: stroma protein- constitutes about 1/5 of the muscle protein. It functions solely as an inert structural element, or skeleton to hold structures in place.

Cellular proteins- also comprise about 1/5 of the muscle protein it is not a muscle.

Contractile proteins- Two types of protein myosin and actin, the constitute 35% and 15% of the total muscle.

3. What is myofibril
Answer: longitudinal striations in the muscle, form transverse striations in the muscle.



4. Name the two filaments that make up a sacromere.
Answer: thin, thick

5. What is the sliding filament theory?
Answer: Cross bridges

6. Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?
Answer: Calcium ions.

Basic joint anatomy worksheet

Basic joint anatomy worksheet

1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint?
Answer: bones make up the joint are united with strong fibrous, tissue.

2. What is an example of a fibrous joint?
Answer: satures, which hold together the bones of the skull.

3. Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example
Answer: are united by intervening fibrocartilage Ex: vertebrae of the spinal column are joined by the intervertebral disks.

4. What type of joint essentially allows free movement?
Answer: Synovial Joints

5. What lubricates a joint cavity?
Answer: Synovial Fluid

6. A. plane joint – gliding and slipping, carpal bones in the hand.
B. Hinge joint- irregular cylinder, elbow joint concave groove
C. Condylar Joint- similar to a hinge joint, knee cap is a condylar joint
D. Ball and socket Joint- Cap shaped cavity shoulder joint, Movement is possible
E. Ellipsoidal- oval permits movement , wrist joint
F. Pivot Joint- bony peg, elbow and wrist one bone can rotate
G. saddle joint- western saddles, movement can occur ex: thunb

Skeleton worksheet

Skeletal worksheet

1. Describe the 4 functions of bones
Answer: supporting the bones, protecting internal organs, provide muscle attachment, produce blood cells.

2. How many bones are there in the human body?
Answer: 206

3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division.
Answer: Axial system- skull, pelvis, ribs, coccyx, sacrum, Appendicular skeleton- phalanges, patella, and tibia.

4. What bones make up the upper arm?
Answer: Scapula, humerus

5. What makes up the face?
Answer: skull

6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.
Answer: skull, rib cage

7. Bone in the forearm
Answer: radius

8. What bone is moveable for the back muscles to attach to?
Answer: Scapula

9. Shin bone
Answer: tibia

more about the skin worksheet

More about the skin

1. What is pigmentation? What layer of skin is it associated with? What are the benefits of pigmentation? What are the disadvantages of pigmentation?
Answer: Pigmentation are different color patches that occur on the skin due to the deposition of melanin which is a coloring matter, melanin is produced by specialized cells called melanocytes. The advantages of pigmentation the darker pigmentation are less likely to get sunburn, the disadvantages are different color patches on the skin.

2. What is botox? What are some of the disadvantages with botox? Would you be willing to risk the harmful effects of botox for your self-image?
Answer: botox is plastic surgery that some people get to lift the skin that is sagging or excess fat, the disadvantages of botox is when you get old the skin will get back saggy and you will constantly have to get botox to lift the skin that constantly sags, the harmful effects are you are at risk of dying or becoming extremely sick.

3.
Do all of the products that claim to improve the quality of your skin work? What evidence did you find to support this? Are there any specific products that seem to be more effective than others according to your research? Which ones? Why are they more effective? What were your sources for this information? Could there be possible biases in the information you collected? What are these biases? Why do you think people spend millions of dollars a year on skin care products?
Answer: no some of the products that are advertised are just scams they are just trying to sell their product, My cousin bought some acne cream thinking that it was going to prevent her acne and it only made it worse. Yes proactive is very accurate it was tested my professional dermatologist and has been proven to work. They are more effective because they were made by dermatologist and tested on a teste. www.proactive.com ,www. acne.com no there are not in bias because millions of people buys this product. People spend millions of dollars because they want their skin clean and clear.

4. What is balding? Is there a medical term for it? Are there treatments? Do they work?
Answer: balding is when the hair is loss, yes there are treatments you can have laser surgery so you can get hair but over the bald spots, yes some treatments work if you go tot he right doctor.

integumentary text questions

Critical Thinking

3. As a rule, a superficial partial- thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation?
Answer: a superficial burn heals quickly with no scarring. The area is warm and red.

6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather?
Answer: I would tell them that exercising in the summer would be putting them at risk of having a heat stroke so they should always drink water and Gatorade to keep the body from getting dehydrated.

8. How is skin peeling after a sever sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective?
Answer: when the skin peels the wound can heal and new skin can form.

Review Exercises

1. List six functions of skin.
Answer: Protective covering, helps regulate body temperature, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes chemicals, and excretes waste.

2. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis.
Answer: Epidermis- outer epithelial layer of the skin, Dermis- The thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis.

3. Describe the Subcutaneous layer.
Answer: Beneath the skin

4. List the layers of the epidermis
Answer: Squamous epithelium, Stratum basale.

5. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle.
Answer: A hair is something that appears everywhere on the body, a hair follicle is a tubelike depression in the skin in which a hair develops.

6. Describe how nails are formed?
Answer: they are produced by epidermal cells that under go keratinization.

7. Explain the function of sebaceous glands.
Answer: to produce oils

8. Describe the body’s response to decreasing body temperature.
Answer: blood vessels constrict, causing the skin to lose color, and sweat glands become inactive.

9. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color.
Answer: Each person inherits genes for melanin production, Dark skin is due to genes that cause large amounts of melanin to be produced; lighter skin is due to genes that cause lesser amounts of melanin to form. Mutant genes may cause a lack of melanin in the skin.

10. Distinguish among first second and third degree burns.
Answer: first degree- only the epidermis, second degree- all epidermis and some dermis, third degree- destroys epidermis and dermis

11. Describe possible treatments for a third- degree burn
Answer: surgery in a burn unit.

12. list three effects of aging on skin.
Answer: age spots, liver spots , wrinkling and sagging.

Video Questions

1. Do you think that the symmetry test conducted on the baby was flawed? How? Describe how you would design an experiment that could fool the baby and skew the results.
Answer: No I don’t think the test was accurate because a baby does not have the knowledge at a young age to judge weather someone is ugly or pretty because in his eyes they all look the same.

2. What is missing from this video about beauty?
Answer: they were missing different races, in the video all they were showing was white people you might have seen at last 1 black person and a couple of asians but overall the movie was missing different races in order to see changes in beauty you should have more than one race present.

3. What are features that might break the “typical” beauty rules? How are these different from the “typical” beauty rules?
Answer: thin lips, close eyes, and a non-symmetrical face. because most people feel that all of these qualifications isn't necessary in order to be pretty some people can have close eyes and thin lips and feel that they are the most beutiful person on earth some people feel that thick lips aren't attractive or people who's eyes are spread apart i feel that some people have different opinions about beauty.

4. How does this video make you feel about beauty?
Answer: I feel that beauty is just a state of mind. Some people may think a person is pretty and the person may feel that they are the uglyist thing on earth beauty is all in the mind if you carry your self like you are pretty other people will treat you like you are pretty if your pretty but just don't care about your apperance because you feel you are ugly then other people will start treating you like that so i feel it is all in the mind.

5. What is it about the skin that makes it return to its place? What property is this?
Answer: elastic, integumentary.

6. What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Would you ever do it? What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? How long wills it last?
Answer: the risk of plastic surgery are you may look a lot worst after the surgery or you can possibly die from it, No I would not consider plastic surgery because I am happy with my body, you would be risking your life because if you don’t like what you see you will continue to get plastic surgery until you feel your appearance has changed, A lifetime.

7. Someone in the video is quoted as saying that “make-up can make anyone prettier.” Do you agree with this? Support your answer.
Answer: I disagree because I feel make up can make a person appearance change but it doesn’t mean they look any better with or without make-up your appearance never changes.

8. Do you think that there are cultural differences in how cosmetic surgery is viewed?
Answer: yes, some cultures look at plastic surgery differently for example caucasians may want to have plastic surgery so they can look younger or remove extra skin or wrinkles and african americans may have it to remove extra skin or fat but i feel that either way it goes everybody has platic surgery for the same reasons because they are not happy about their bodies and they feel that plastic surgery will change all of that.

Graphic Organizer

Book Questions

1. Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology.
Answer: Anatomy is the study of the body. Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures that make up the human body.

2. Give an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function of body parts.
Answer: a stomach is a pouch and its structure is to store food and break it down.

3. List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ.
Answer: Heart- circulatory system-muscle cells.

4. Distinguish between a midsagittal cut, a transverse cut, and a frontal cut.
Answer: Midsagittal- line of symmetry. Transverse cut- cuts the body in top and bottom halves. Frontal cut- cuts the body into front and back halves.

5. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name two smaller cavities that occur within each.
Answer. Dorsal- is the cavity in the back, cranial cavity, spinal cavity. Ventral –the cavity in the front, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity.

6. Define Homeostasis, and explain its importance.
Answer: Maintaining a stable environment, Consistency of conditions, anatomically it is keeping the internal body in a constant condition no matter the external conditions surrounding the body.

Objectives Questions 19-25

19. thyroid gland- G endocrine system
20. lungs- C respiratory system
21. heart – D circulatory system
22. ovaries- G endocrine system
23. brain- F nervous system
24. stomach- A digestive stomach
25. kidney- B urinary system
26. A cell is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function.
27. The imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body is called the transverse plane
28. All the organ systems of the body together function to maintain homeostasis.

Medical terminology reinforcement

1. Gastrectomy means excision of the stomach.
2. Macrocephalus means large head.
3. Transthoracic means across the chest
4. Bilateral means two or both sides.
5. Dorsalgia means pain in the back
6. Endocrinolgy means the study of the endocrine system.

Study Questions

1. Describe the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: Endoplasmic Reticulum forms a membranous system of tubular canals and branches throughout the cytoplasm.

2. Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus.
Answer: secretes a product

3. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria mention the energy molecule ATP in your description.
Answer: It produces ATP molecules, burns glucose to produce ATP.

4. Contrast passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, and filtration) with active transport of molecules across the plasma membrane.
Answer: active is the movement requires energy, passive just happens.

Objective Questions:

Part 1.

1. packaging and secretion – Golgi apparatus.
2. Cell division – Centriole
3. Powerhouses of the cell- Mitochondria
4. Protein Synthesis- Rough ER
5. Control center for the cell- Nucleus

Objective Questions pg. 61

1. what is a tissue- group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.
2. What are the functions of epithelial tissue, and give location for each- protects the body from drying out, injury, and bacterial invasion.
3. What are the functions of connective tissue? Name the different kinds of connective tissue and give a location for each.- binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces produces blood cells and stores fat.
4. What types of cells does nervous tissue contain? Which organs in the body are made up of nervous tissue? – Found in the brain and spinal cord contains conducting cells called neutrons.

Study questions

1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology.
Answer: Anatomy is the study of the human body. Physiology is the study of the functions and structures that make up the human body.

2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell
Answer: Cell, tissue, organ, system

3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?
Answer: Study of

4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?
Answer: Mucous Membrane

5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?
Answer: tissue

What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?
Answer: nerve

The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?
Answer:
Pi- upon Derm- skin
1. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?
Answer: a hollow space within the body.

2. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.
Answer: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerves.


A cell is made of __Cytoplasm________________ except for the nucleus, which is made of __________protoplasm________.



3. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones?
Answer: Mucous



4.
What is an organ system?
Answer: when two or more tissues combine their functions.

Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.
Answer: Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous, Fibrous, Fascia

What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?
Answer: cell membrane transports and protects proteins, nucleus stores heredity and genes.