questions 579-648

Describe a red blood cell
Answer: a disc- shaped cell, lacking a nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin.

Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell
Answer: in their early stages they have nuclei then they become less and less active when they become less active the spleen and the liver removes them.

List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin
Answer:

Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
Answer: not complete cells, they arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow called megakaryocytes.

Distinguish between low- density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein
Answer: low- density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol high density have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.

List the major leading to the formation of a blood clot.
Answer: first release of biochemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissue triggers extrinsic clothing mechanism the stimulates the intrinsic clotting mechansim.

Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient
Answer: because they lack both anti- A and anti- B antibodies they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.

Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor
Answer: it lacks antigens A and B this means it can be transfused into persons with any kind of blood.

647-648

Describe the pericardium
Answer: the pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached.

Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
Answer: four hollow chambers, two on the left, two on the right. The upper chambers are called the atria the lower are called the ventricles.

The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle it allows blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards the bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle it is located on the left.
Trace the path of the blood through the heart
Answer: enters through right atrium continues towards the right ventricle moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle .

Explain the origin of heart sounds: heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.

pg. 818

1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system
Answer: provides oxygen for the internal environment and excretes carbon dioxide.

3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
Amswer: the hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.

5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx
Answer: pharynx is the passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea the larynx is inferior to the pharynx.

list the successive branches of the bronchiol tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Answer: starts with the right and left primary bronchi later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental) next they turn into intralobular bronchioles the next branch is the terminal bronchioles after there are the respiratory bronchioles after there are the alveolar ducts then there are the alveolar sacs finally there are the alveoli.

define suffactant, and explain its function: surfuctant is a mixture of lipoproteins which is secreted into alveolar air spaces it helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.

compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing and explain the function of each:
Answer: coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. coughs force air upwards from the upper respiratory tracts.

explain the function of yawning.
Answer: yawning is used to help ventilate alveoli, it allows the blood to receive more oxygen.

Define hyperventilation and explain how it affect the respiratory center:
Answer: hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels

Describe how oxygen is transported in blood:
Answer:oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, it later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.

List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Answer: oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood ph decreases. Also increase in temperature, increase in carbon dioxide acidity.

basic respiratory

What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system?
Answer: nose and mouth

Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?
Answer: trachea and pharynx

In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does the lesson leave out?
Answer: esophagus

Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?
Answer: anterior

What structures moisten the air in the respiratory system?
Answer: mouth and nose

What is the name for the small sir sacs at the send of the bronchioles?
Answer: alveoli

Where does gas exchange takes place in the lungs?
Answer: capillaries

What is the main muscle of respiration?
Answer: diaphragm

What happens when we inhale and exhale?
Answer: diaphragm exhales and relaxes.

The heart

All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
Answer: closed circulatory system

How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
Answer: through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control and regulation of pH and of body temperature.

Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
Answer: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
Answer: arteries

What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
Answer: veins

What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
Answer: pericardium

What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
Answer: myocardium

What is the lining of the myocardium called?
Answer: endocardium

What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
Answer: atria, ventricles

What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
Answer: superior vena Cava, inferior vena Cava, and pulmonary veins

What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle
Answer: aorta, pulmonary

Sensory organizer

Stem cell research

Steve Stice is a university of Georgia stem cell researcher who uses neural cells to detect chemical agents. The cells that are being used now are mouse cells but they die off quickly they only last for 2 weeks but human cells last more that four months. The reason for this device is because it can be used in a war zone or help with homeland security. President Bush and other representatives did not agree with the research because they felt it crossed a moral line with them using aborted babies vs. naturally dead babies. So instead of them using aborted babies they would use babies that were already dead.

My reaction to this article is I agree but I also disagree I agree without them trying to save lives in the time of need for example if someone was hurt in war and was possibly about to die then I would want them to try and save their lives with whatever is needed but I disagree with them using aborted babies because they are not naturally dead they are killed by their parents but I feel that it would be alright to use naturally dead babies to save someone else’s life.

Basic Eye worksheet

The eye is part of which nervous system?
Answer: Central

What types of tissues give the eye protection?
Answer: fatty and connective tissue

What structure in the eye produces tears?
Answer: Lacrimal glands

What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?
Answer: conjunctiva

What is the cornea?
Answer: covering of the eye

What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?
Answer: back of the eye

What is the function of the rods? The cones?
Answer: Rod- Night black and white vision and cones – color vision

What is the colored part of the eye?
Answer: Iris

What structure allows light to enter the eye?
Answer: pupil

basic ear worksheet

Pinna- directs sound waves into the auditory canal.
Tympanic membrane- makes sound louder
Ossicles- magnify sound vibrations
Cochlea- cause movement within the fluid of the cochlea
Semicircular canals- deals with balance

What three bones make up the ossicles? - Malleus, incus, stapes.

What is the function of hairs in the ear? - The hairs in turn stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.

Ear

Basic Nervous System Worksheet

What does CNS and PNS stand for?
Answer: Central Nervous System- consists of the brain and spinal cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior. All body activities are controlled except chemical functions.

Peripheral Nervous System- Lies outside the brain and spinal cord and serves as a connection of message system between the various organs and muscles of the body and the CNS.

What are the parts of the CNS?
Answer: Brain and Spinal Cord

Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
Answer: urinating

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Answer: Sympathetic – controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear, emergency.
Parasympathetic- brings the body back to a normal state and allows rest and relaxation to occur.

What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
Answer: Axons- Sends information
Dendrite- Receives information
Cell body- contains nucleus.

What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
Answer: Sends information, Dendrite- Receives information

What is a synapse?
Answer: Region between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another.
Neurotransmitters transmit nerve impulses across synapse.